Izindaba

Emakethe yensimbi eyigugu, ubhontshisi wegolide usube umkhiqizo othandwayo othandwa ngabatshalizimali ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obuncane, ukuphatheka kalula, kanye nokulula kokuhweba. Kumabhizinisi okukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide, indlela yokukhiqiza kahle nangokuzinzile inani elikhulu lobhontshisi wegolide osezingeni eliphezulu kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukuncintisana emakethe. Umshini wokukhipha i-vacuum ingot, njengemishini yokukhipha ethuthukisiwe, uye wavela kancane kancane emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide. Ngakho-ke, ingabe umshini wokukhipha i-vacuum ingot ungawufeza ngempumelelo umgomo wokukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide omningi? Okulandelayo, sizohlola ukuhlaziywa kusuka ezicini eziningi.

1. Indlela yokusebenza kanye nobuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokusebenzaumshini wokukhipha i-vacuum ingot

(I-1965)1）Isimiso sokusebenza

 Ukusebenza komshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot kuncike enqubweni eqinile neqondile. Okokuqala, beka izinto zokusetshenziswa zegolide ekamelweni lokuncibilikisa lomshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot. Susa umoya ekamelweni lokuncibilikisa ngokushesha ngepompo ye-vacuum, udale indawo enendawo eningi yokukhipha i-vacuum. Lesi sinyathelo sihlose ukunciphisa umphumela we-oxidation we-oxygen ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zegolide. Ngemuva kwalokho, igesi engasebenzi njenge-argon igcwaliswa ekamelweni lokuncibilikisa ukuze inikeze isithiyo esivikelayo soketshezi lwegolide. Ngemuva kwalokho, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokushisa ezisebenzayo njengokushisa kwe-induction, izinto zokusetshenziswa zegolide zishiswa ngokushesha ngaphezu kwendawo yazo yokuncibilikisa ngesikhathi esifushane, zincibilike zibe yisimo soketshezi.

Uma uketshezi lwegolide lufinyelela izinga lokushisa elifanele lokubumba futhi lunoketshezi oluhle, ngosizo lohlelo lokubumba oluklanywe ngokucophelela, uketshezi lwegolide lufakwa ngokunembile nangokushesha ezikhunjini eziningi ezilungiselelwe kusengaphambili. Njengoba uketshezi lwegolide luphola futhi luqina ngaphakathi kwesikhunta, ubhontshisi wegolide obunjiwe uzalwa ngamunye ngamunye.

(I-1965)2）Izici zobuchwepheshe eziyinhloko

1.Uhlelo lokulawula oluhlakaniphile:

Imishini yokukhipha i-vacuum ethuthukisiwe ifakwe izinhlelo zokulawula ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezisekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-logic controller (PLC). Umsebenzisi udinga ukufaka amapharamitha asethiwe kuphela ku-interface yokulawula, chofoza inkinobho yokuqala, futhi imishini ingaqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo yonke inqubo yokusebenza kusukela ekuncibilikeni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, ekubunjweni kuya ekubunjweni kwe-ingot.

Lokhu kulawula okuhlakaniphile akugcini nje ngokunciphisa kakhulu izidingo zamakhono ochwepheshe abaqhubi futhi kunciphisa amaphutha abangelwa ukungenelela ngesandla, kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okuphezulu enqubweni yokukhiqiza yeqoqo ngalinye lamabhontshisi egolide, okubeka isisekelo esiqinile sokukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo nokuzinzile kwamabhontshisi egolide amaningi.

2.Ukuvikelwa okuhle kakhulu kwe-vacuum kanye negesi engasebenzi kahle:

Ngaphansi kwendlela yokuvikela ekabili yegesi ye-vacuum kanye ne-inert, isenzakalo se-oxidation segolide ngesikhathi sokuncibilika nokuphonswa siyacindezelwa ngempumelelo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa kakhulu ubumsulwa bebhontshisi begolide kuze kube yizindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu, kodwa futhi kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba neziphambeko ezifana nama-pores kanye nokuncipha ebusweni bebhontshisi begolide.

Ubhontshisi wegolide unobuso obubushelelezi kanye nekhwalithi ezinzile nethembekile, ehlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zemakethe zemikhiqizo yensimbi eyigugu esezingeni eliphezulu. Imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu isiza ukuthuthukisa isithombe somkhiqizo wenkampani kanye nokuncintisana emakethe, ngenkathi kunciphisa ukuvuselelwa kanye nokulahlekelwa okubangelwa yizinkinga zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kuthuthukisa ngokungaqondile ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.

3.Ukulawula izinga lokushisa nokugeleza okunembile:

Ukulawula ngokunembile izinga lokushisa kanye nokugeleza kokuphotha kwesisombululo segolide kuyisici esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwebhontshisi yegolide. Umshini wokuphotha we-vacuum ingot ufakwe izinzwa zokushisa ezinembile kakhulu kanye nama-valve okulawula ukugeleza, angaqapha futhi alungise ngokunembile izinga lokushisa kanye nokugeleza kokuphotha kwensimbi encibilikisiwe ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuncibilikisa, ukunemba kokulawula izinga lokushisa kungafinyelela± 1 ℃, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uketshezi lwegolide luhlala lungaphakathi kwebanga lokushisa elifanele kakhulu lokubumba.

Enqubweni yokuphonsa, ivalvu yokulawula ukugeleza ingalawula ngokunembile inani lomjovo kanye nesilinganiso sokugeleza koketshezi lwegolide ngokwenani kanye nemininingwane yesikhunta, iqinisekisa ukunemba kobukhulu kanye nokuvumelana kwesisindo sebhontshisi ngayinye yegolide. Leli khono lokulawula elinembile livumela umshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot ukuthi ukhiqize imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi eziqinile ekukhiqizeni ubhontshisi wegolide omningi.

4.Uhlelo lokupholisa olusebenza kahle: 

Ukuze kusheshiswe isivinini sokubumba ubhontshisi wegolide futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, umshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot ufakwe uhlelo lokupholisa olusebenzayo. Lolu hlelo luvame ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa amanzi ajikelezayo noma bokupholisa umoya, obungasusa ngokushesha ukushisa kwensimbi encibilikisiwe esikhumbeni, okuvumela insimbi encibilikisiwe ukuthi iphole futhi iqine ngesikhathi esifushane.

Uma sithatha uhlelo lokupholisa amanzi njengesibonelo, ngokwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwamapayipi okupholisa kanye nesivinini sokugeleza kwamanzi, isikhathi sokupholisa samabhontshisi egolide singafinyezwa sibe cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezinqubo zendabuko. Ukupholisa okusheshayo akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa isakhiwo sangaphakathi samabhontshisi egolide, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

2.Ukuhlaziywa kwezinzuzo zomshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot ekukhiqizweni kobhontshisi begolide abaningi

(I-1965)1）Inzuzo yokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza

1.Inqubo yokuncibilikisa nokuphonsa ngokushesha: 

Ubuchwepheshe bokushisa obuthuthukisiwe obusetshenziswa umshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot, njengokushisa okuphezulu kokungenisa, bungashisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zegolide kuze kube sezingeni lokuncibilika ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokushisa ezivamile zokumelana nokushisa, isikhathi sokuncibilika singafinyezwa ngaphezu kuka-50%. Isibonelo, eminye imishini yokuphonsa i-vacuum esebenza kahle ingancibilikisa isithando sezinto zokusetshenziswa zegolide (ngokuvamile amakhilogremu amaningana kuya kwamashumi amakhilogremu) ngemizuzu emi-3-5 kuphela.

Enqubweni yokubumba, idivayisi yokubumba esheshayo ehlonyelwe ingafaka ngokulinganayo uketshezi lwegolide ezikhumbeni eziningi ngemizuzwana engaphezu kweyishumi. Uma isikhunta siqukethe amakamelo okwakha ubhontshisi wegolide angu-50 futhi sibunjwa kusetshenziswa umshini wokubumba we-vacuum ingot, isikhathi esidingekayo ukuqedela umsebenzi wokubumba owodwa singaba cishe yimizuzwana eyi-15 kuphela, okwandisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kobhontshisi wegolide ngesikhathi ngasinye.

2.Umthamo wokukhiqiza oqhubekayo ovelele: 

Imishini eminingi yokukhipha i-vacuum ingot inekhono lokusebenza njalo. Uma nje kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa ziyagcinwa, ukusebenza okuvamile kwezinhlelo zokupholisa, kanye nokugcinwa kwemishini njalo, ukukhiqizwa okungaphazanyiswa kwamahora angama-24 kungafinyelelwa.

Lesi sici sokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo sinezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekubhekaneni nama-oda amakhulu okukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide. Uma sithatha ibhizinisi lokukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide eliphakathi nendawo njengesibonelo, uma kusetshenziswa umshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot onamandla okukhiqiza okuqhubekayo, ukukhiqizwa kwansuku zonke kobhontshisi wegolide kungafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni noma ngisho namashumi ezinkulungwane, okungahlangabezana ngokushesha nesidingo esinamandla semakethe.

3.Umklamo wesikhunta semigoqo eminingi:

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide, eminye imishini yokukhipha i-vacuum isebenzisa umklamo omusha wesikhunta esinezimbobo eziningi. Inqwaba noma amakhulu emigodi yokubumba ubhontshisi wegolide ingafakwa esikhunta, futhi ubhontshisi wegolide omningi ungatholakala ngesikhathi esisodwa ekubunjweni okukodwa. Isibonelo, eminye imiklamo yesikhunta ethuthukisiwe ingakhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide ongu-100-200 ekubunjweni okukodwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemiklamo yendabuko yemodi eyodwa noma embalwa yezimbobo, lo mklamo wezimbobo ezinezimo eziningi ufinyelele ukwanda okuningi kwejiyometri ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqiza, okuthuthukisa kakhulu isikali sokukhiqiza kanye nesivinini sobhontshisi wegolide.

(I-1965)2）Inzuzo yekhwalithi yomkhiqizo

1.Ubumsulwa obuphezulu kanye nezinga eliphansi lokukhubazeka: 

Ngenxa yokuvikelwa okubili kwegesi ye-vacuum kanye ne-inert, ubhontshisi wegolide okhiqizwa umshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot uhlanzekile kakhulu, ngokuvamile ufinyelela ku-99.99% noma ngaphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokugwema ngempumelelo i-oxidation kanye nokungcola, ubuso bobhontshisi begolide cishe abunazo iziphambeko ezivamile njenge-pores, i-pores ye-shrinkage, imigodi yesihlabathi, njll., futhi ukushelela kobuso kuhle kakhulu.

Ubhontshisi wegolide osezingeni eliphezulu awugcini nje ngokubukeka kahle, kodwa futhi ungathengiswa ngamanani aphezulu emakethe, okuletha inzuzo ephezulu emabhizinisini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga eliphansi lokukhubazeka lisho izinga eliphansi lemikhiqizo enephutha kanye nokuvuselelwa, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nezinzuzo zomnotho.

2.Ukunemba kobukhulu kanye nokungaguquguquki kwesisindo:

Iumshini wokukhipha i-vacuum ingotkuqinisekisa ukunemba kobukhulu kanye nokuvumelana kwesisindo sebhontshisi ngayinye yegolide ngesikhathi senqubo yokubumba ngokulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile, ukulawula ukugeleza, kanye nomklamo wesikhunta othuthukisiwe.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukukhiqizwa okukhulu noma ukwenza ngokwezifiso kweqembu elincane, amaphutha kumapharamitha osayizi njengobubanzi nobukhulu bebhontshisi begolide ekhiqizwayo angalawulwa ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuncane kakhulu, futhi ukuphambuka kwesisindo kungalawulwa ezingeni le-milligram. Leli zinga eliphakeme lokunemba kobukhulu kanye nokuvumelana kwesisindo kubaluleke kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali kwebhontshisi begolide kanye nobhontshisi begolide owenziwe ngokwezifiso wesipho esiphezulu. Kungahlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zamakhasimende zemininingwane yomkhiqizo futhi kuthuthukise ukuncintisana kwamabhizinisi kulezi zindawo zemakethe eziphezulu.

(I-1965)3）Inzuzo yokulawula izindleko

1. Ukuncipha okukhulu kokulahlekelwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa:

Ukuncibilikisa nokukhipha kwenziwa endaweni engenagesi, kulawula ngempumelelo ukulahleka kwe-oxidation kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zegolide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo lokukhipha olunembile lungafaka uketshezi lwegolide ngokunembile esikhumbeni, kuncishiswe ukuchitheka kanye nokuchitheka koketshezi lwegolide. Ngokwezibalo, ukusebenzisa umshini wokukhipha uketshezi ukuze kukhiqizwe ubhontshisi wegolide kunganciphisa ukulahleka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ngo-10% -15% uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo zokukhipha zendabuko. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuzosindisa izinkampani izindleko ezinkulu zokuthenga izinto zokusetshenziswa.

2.Izindleko zokugcinwa kwemishini ezifanele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla: 

Nakuba izindleko zokuqala zokuthenga zomshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot ziphakeme kakhulu, unomsebenzi wokuzixilonga ophelele kanye nokuxwayisa ngamaphutha, ongathola izinkinga ezingaba khona zemishini ngesikhathi esifanele futhi wenze ukulungiswa, unciphise amathuba okwehluleka kwemishini ngokuzumayo, futhi unciphise izindleko zokungasebenzi kanye nokugcinwa okubangelwa ukulungiswa kwemishini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe, ukwakheka kwemishini yokukhipha i-vacuum ingot kugxila kakhulu ekongiweni kwamandla kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa. Kusetshenziswa izinto zokushisa ezisebenza kahle, izinhlelo zokupholisa ezilungiselelwe kahle, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha amandla ezihlakaniphile, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okuphansi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza zamabhizinisi.

Isiphetho

Ngokuhlaziywa okujulile kwesimiso sokusebenza, izici zobuchwepheshe, izinzuzo zokukhiqiza, kanye namacala okusetshenziswa okusebenzayo komshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot, kungaphethwa ngokuthi umshini wokuphonsa i-vacuum ingot ubonise ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kanye nezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekufezeni imigomo yokukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide omningi.

Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, izici ezinjengokuncibilika nokusatshalaliswa okusheshayo, amandla okukhiqiza okuqhubekayo, kanye nomklamo wemigodi eminingi kwenza kube lula ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamabhontshisi egolide ngesikhathi esifushane; Ngokuphathelene nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ubumsulwa obuphezulu, izinga eliphansi lokukhubazeka, kanye nokunemba okuhle kakhulu kobukhulu kanye nokuvumelana kwesisindo kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu yeJindou; Ngokuphathelene nokulawula izindleko, ukwehla kwezindleko zabasebenzi, ukwehla kokulahlekelwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, kanye nezindleko zokugcinwa kwemishini ezifanele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwenza amabhizinisi abe nezinzuzo eziphezulu zomnotho lapho esebenzisaimishini yokukhipha i-ingot ye-vacuum yokukhiqiza ubhontshisi wegolide.